Titanic Silver Stair Case Coin White Star Line Flag Logo Ship Sinking History UK

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Features:Commemorative
Year of Issue:2012
Modified Item:No
Country/Region of Manufacture:United States
Material:Metal
Variety:Olympic
Colour:Silver
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Currency:Commerative
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Country of Origin:United States

Titanic Coin Commemoration This Silver Plated Coin has an image on Titanic with the emblem of its owners White Star Line with the words “The Worlds Largest Liner” You will receive a coin which has never been removed from its airtight case The back has an image of the Grand First Class Staircase on board TitanicWith Information about the Great Ship Length 882 ft 9 inWidth 92 foot 6 inchesOwner White Star LineConstructed at the Harland & Wolf Ship YardsCruising Speed 21 KnotsMaiden Voyage April 10 1912Total People on Board 2,223Passengers 1,324Crew 889Life Boats 20Life Boat Capacity 1,178Sunk April 15 1912Survivors 705 The coin is 40mm in diameter, weighs about 1 oz. and comes with a Plastic Case which it has never been removed from In Excellent Condition Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake souvineer of the worlds most famous shipt which is 100 years old in April 1912Comes from a pet and smoke free home Sorry about the poor quality photos. 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Nagoya, Beijing, Chicago, London, Shenzhen, Essen, Düsseldorf, Tehran, Bogota, Lima, Bangkok, Johannesburg, East Rand, Chennai, Taipei, Baghdad, Santiago, Bangalore, Hyderabad, St Petersburg, Philadelphia, Lahore, Kinshasa, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Madrid, Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra Grand Staircase of the TitanicContemporary drawing of the “Main Staircase” contained in the Olympic & Titanic promotional joint brochure, first published in 1911. No actual photos of Titanic’s Grand Staircase are known to existThe set of large ornate staircases in the first-class section of the RMS Titanic, sometimes collectively referred to as the Grand Staircase, is one of the most recognizable features of the British transatlantic ocean liner which sank on her maiden voyage in 1912 after a collision with an iceberg. Reflecting and reinforcing the staircase’s iconic status is its frequent, and prominent, portrayal in media. Historical descriptionsThe “Main Staircase” is described as follows in the “Olympic” / & “Titanic” / Largest Steamers in the World (1911), White Star Line publicity brochure with coloured illustrations: We leave the deck and pass through one of the doors which admit us to the interior of the vessel, and, as if by magic, we at once lose feeling that we are on board a ship, and seem instead to be entering the hall of some great house on shore. Dignified and simple oak panelling covers the walls, enriched in a few places by a bit of elaborate carved work, reminiscent of the days when Grinling Gibbons collaborated with his great contemporary, Wren. In the middle of the hall rises a gracefully curving staircase, its balustrade supported by light scrollwork of iron with occasional touches of bronze, in the form of flowers and foliage. Above all a great dome of iron and glass throws a flood of light down the stairway, and on the landing beneath it a great carved panel gives its note of richness to the otherwise plain and massive construction of the wall. The panel contains a clock, on either side of which is a female figure, the whole symbolizing Honour and Glory crowning Time. Looking over the balustrade, we see the stairs descending to many floors below, and on turning aside we find we may be spared the labour of mounting or descending by entering one of the smoothly-gliding elevators which bear us quickly to any other of the numerous floors of the ship we may wish to visit. The staircase is one of the principal features of the ship, and will be greatly admired as being, without doubt, the finest piece of workmanship of its kind afloat.[1] “ENTRANCE HALL AND GRAND STAIRCASE-S.S. “OLYMPIC” AND “TITANIC”, as described in the black and white brochure. The same rendering is used to promote the two sister ships, an indication that both staircases had to be virtually identicalIn another promotional brochure by the White Star Line with black and white illustrations, The World’s Largest & Finest Steamers / New Triple Screw / S.S.”Olympic” and “Titanic” (1911), the following description is found: A STRIKING INTRODUCTION to the wonders and beauty of these vessels is the Entrance Hall and Grand Staircase in the forward section where one begins to realize for the first time the magnificence of these surpassing steamers. The Grand Staircase, sixteen feet wide, extends over sixty feet and serves seven decks, five of which are also reached by the Three Electric Passenger Elevators. It is modeled closely after the style so prevalent during the reign of William and Mary, except that instead of the usual heavily-carved balustrade, a light wrought-iron grille has been employed, a fashion found in a few of the most exclusive great houses of that period. The Entrance Hall and Grand Staircase are surmounted by a glass dome of great splendor, a fitting crown as it were to these the largest and finest steamers in all the world.[2] LocationSited in the forward part of the ship, the Grand Staircase was the main connection between decks for first-class passengers and the point of entry to numerous public rooms. It descended in seven levels between the Boat Deck and E-Deck. Just forward of the staircase a passenger could turn the corner and find the three first-class elevators that connected alongside the staircase between A and E-Decks. Boat DeckThe Boat Deck level of the stairwell functioned as an interior balcony overlooking the staircase and A-Deck below. From one end of the room to another the dimensions were 56 ft. wide by 33 ft. long.[3] There were two entry vestibules, 5 ft. x 6 ft., on either side of the Boat Deck that communicated with the outside. The gymnasium entrance was right next to the starboard Grand Staircase entrance. The officer’s quarters and Marconi room were also accessible via two corridors that branched forward from either side of the staircase. This level was lined with arched windows that provided ample natural light to the stairwell during the day. A-DeckOff of the A-Deck level a long aft companionway ran along the starboard side, connecting passengers to the reading and writing room and the lounge at the far end, which was entered via revolving doors. Two entry vestibules, 5 ft. x 6 ft., connected passengers to the Promenade Deck and two corridors forward of the stairwell accessed the A-Deck first-class staterooms. A framed map of the North Atlantic route where Titanic’s progress was updated every day at noon was most likely located on the port or starboard side of the room.[4] B-DeckJust off the B-Deck level staircase were the two “Millionaire’s Suites”, as well as two enclosed first-class entry foyers along each side. The bulk of B-Deck was occupied by first-class cabins, the finest and largest offered. C-DeckOn C-Deck were the purser’s and enquiry offices, just off the staircase on the starboard side. Passengers could store their valuables with the purser and submit Marconi messages sent via pneumatic tube to the Marconi room. They could also purchase small items like postcards, pay for tickets to the Turkish baths and squash court, reserve deck chairs, check out board games, and request their seating in the dining saloon, among other services. Long companionways branched off of the staircase forward and aft containing first-class staterooms, much like B-Deck above. D-DeckThe D-Deck staircase opened directly onto the reception room and adjoining Dining Saloon. Behind the staircase were two arched entry vestibules and the companionways which communicated with first-class staterooms in the forward part of the ship. E-DeckOn E-Deck the staircase narrowed and lost its grand sweeping curve, though it was designed in the same oak and wrought iron style. There were no public rooms on this deck, only first-class cabins. A modest single flight terminated on F-Deck, where the Turkish Baths and Swimming Pool could be reached. Style and decor Photograph of Olympic’s Grand Staircase taken from the Boat Deck levelThe forward Grand Staircase was the pièce de resistance of the Titanic’s first-class public rooms.[5] The two-storey-high A-Deck level featured a large wrought iron and glass dome overhead that allowed natural light to enter the stairwell during the day. The dome was fringed with a delicately molded plaster entablature and rested on the deck housing surrounding the stairwell. It was covered by a protective box to protect the dome from the elements and which also contained the lighting to illuminate the dome from behind in the evening. In the center of the dome hung a large crystal and gilt chandelier. The small beaded crystal chandelier fixtures identified on the wreck only hung in the forward parts of the A and Boat Deck levels, the rest contained cut-glass shades. Each staircase was built of solid irish oak, with each banister containing elaborate wrought iron grilles with ormolu swags in the Louis XIV style. The staircases were 20 ft. wide and projected 17 ft. from the bulkhead. The surrounding entrance halls were appointed in the same polished oak paneling carved in the Neoclassical William & Mary style. The panels of the newel posts were carved with high relief garlands, each one of unique design, and topped by pineapple finials. Just behind the staircase were three elevator shafts that provided passengers access from their staterooms to the promenade deck. The floors were laid with cream-colored linoleum (“lino”) tiles interspersed with black medallions. Armchairs and sofas upholstered in blue were provided just off the staircases and potted palms in raised holders dotted each level. On the Boat Deck level was an upright piano allowing the ship’s orchestra to hold impromptu concerts in the stairwell. The Grand Staircase of the Olympic with the famous clock, thought to be identical to the one on TitanicOn the central landing of the A-Deck staircase was a clock flanked by two carved allegorical figures symbolizing “Honour and Glory crowning Time”. A bronze cherub sculpture, holding an illuminated torch, graced the central newel post at the base of this staircase. There were likely smaller replica cherubs which graced either end of the B and C-Deck levels. On the D-Deck level, as the staircase opened onto the reception room, the central post held a huge gilt candelabra with electric lighting. The B, C, D and E-Deck central landings all contained landscape and still-life oil paintings instead of the Honour and Glory crowning Time clock. These were probably painted by a Belfast artist on commission to Harland and Wolff. Honour and Glory crowning Time clock The carved timepiece of the Olympic, preserved at the SeaCity Museum in Southampton. Currently, no photos of the Titanic’s counterpart are known to exist; all modern reproductions are based on that of the Olympic, (see it at the photograph)Honour and Glory crowning Time was the name given to the allegorical wall clock in the Neoclassical eclectic style located above the first central landing (from the top) of the Grand Staircase, just below the wrought iron and glass dome. It was one of a series of slave clocks in the ship. Like the Olympic, Titanic was equipped with a large number of clocks supplied by the Magneta Company of Zurich (Switzerland), that were distributed throughout the transatlantic in passenger and crew spaces. These clocks, 48 in total, were controlled by two master clocks that were located in the chart room just behind the wheelhouse. Each master clock was capable of controlling 25 slave units in such a way that whenever the master clock advanced by one minute of time, the slave units that were connected to it would also advance by one minute of time, all in one synchronous operation.[6] The ornamented oak panel comprised a half-point arch supported by two pilasters in composite order, each capital decorated with a winged putti’s head in its centre. As a curiosity, the four volutes, two for each capital, were carved reversed. In the central panel, the round case of the clock itself rested upon an estipite adorned with laurel festoons, this was flanked by two winged female figures in mid-relief dressed with a chiton. From the onlooker’s point of view, the figure at left represented Honour whereas the one at right depicted Glory. As accompanying attributes, Honour held a tablet in her left hand while the other was writing using a stylus, her left foot rested on top of a terrestrial globe. The personification of Glory had a palm branch in her right hand and next to her right foot was seen a laurel wreath in a vertical position leant against the aforesaid estipite. Surrounding the figural central panel there were different decorative motifs such as swags of fruits and flowers, egg-and-dart, scrolls, acanthus, rosettes, a pair of seated griffins, etc. Plate showing the monumental chimney by Percier and FontaineThe main source of inspiration for Titanic’s only architectural clock was a monumental chimney designed by Percier and Fontaine for Napoleon Bonaparte, which included a decorative timepiece. The relief clock in the Empire style was sculpted in white marble by Auguste-Marie Taunay, it represented History writing under the dictation of Victory. In 1810 the ensemble was installed in the Grand Office of Louis XIV in the now missing Tuileries Palace.[7] This palace was intentionally burned down in 1871 and ultimately demolished in 1883. Old photos of the timepiece exist and was partially depicted in the 1865 painting “Louis Visconti presenting the new plans for the Louvre to Napoleon III” by Jean-Baptiste-Ange Tissier. It was probably from the detailed drawing of the monumental chimney, first published in 1812 in the book by Percier and Fontaine Recueil de décorations intérieures,[8] that inspiration was drawn. Among the several differences between Percier and Fontaine’s original design and Titanic (and Olympic) reinterpretation is that in the latter the two female figures were completely dressed, as opposed to the French ones, whose bodies’ upper halves are shown almost entirely nude. The laurel wreath appeared on the floor in the Titanic’s clock, whereas in the Napoleon’s one the goddess Victory was holding it in her left hand. Likewise, many Greco-Roman military, warfare and victory symbology used in the original version to glorify Napoleon as the new “Roman” emperor, was not depicted in the British twin clocks. According to the book, Titanic Voices: Memories from the Fateful Voyage: Charles Wilson, who carved the central portion of the “Honour and Glory Crowning Time”, remembered that when the Titanic finally set sail from Belfast there had not been time to set a clock into the ornate carved panel over her First-Class Staircase, and a mirror had to be substituted until the clock arrived.[9] The ocean liner arrived from Belfast in Southampton at midnight, 3 April 1912. Therefore, the timepiece must have been installed sometime during the week before her maiden voyage on 10 April 1912. The clock became popular due to its prominent portrayal in the 1997 blockbuster Titanic. After that, replicas can be seen in museums devoted to the ill-fated vessel, temporary exhibitions or marketed in different sizes and materials. Aft grand staircase View from the Olympic’s aft grand staircase taken from the A-Deck level. At left, a simple clock on the above landing is appreciated Restaurant reception area, located at the B-Deck level in Titanic’s aft grand staircaseThere was a second grand staircase located further aft in the ship, between the third and fourth funnels. Although it was in the same style with a dome at the center, it was of much smaller proportions and only installed between A, B, and C Decks. A simple clock graced the main landing in contrast to the ornate Honour and Glory Crowning Time clock in the forward Staircase. One could access the Smoking Room from the A-Deck landing, as well as the lounge forward of the landing via a companionway. A reception area for patrons of the À La Carte Restaurant and Café Parisien decorated in white-painted Georgian paneling occupied the whole of the B-Deck foyer off the aft staircase. There were comfortable carpeted seating areas with rattan-woven chairs, sofas, and tables. This was also an innovation compared to the Olympic, whose B-Deck aft foyer was much smaller because of additional cabins and storage rooms. There was no reception area on the Olympic until the 1913 refit, which expanded the restaurant and added a reception area in emulation of Titanic. On Titanic two additional en-suite staterooms were installed off of the A-Deck aft staircase, decreasing the size of the surrounding foyer in comparison to Olympic. Condition in the wreckWhen Robert Ballard discovered the wreck of the Titanic in 1985, he found only a gaping well in the place that the staircase had once occupied. The deck house that once formed the Boat Deck level of the stairway is collapsed and the huge void left by where the dome had once been sited offers a convenient entry for remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs). A pile of wreckage and twisted metal framework lies at the bottom of D-Deck, obscuring access to the lower decks. Because each staircase was constructed individually and entirely from wood, it is assumed that the staircase either broke apart and floated out of the stairwell during the sinking or disintegrated in the 73 years before the Titanic’s rediscovery. Another option is that whatever remained of the staircase was destroyed by the force of the bow hitting the sea floor and the huge hydraulic blast which resulted. Survivors described a large wave that swept the Boat Deck as the Titanic took her final plunge – this, or the wave produced by the collapse of the forward funnel, is often blamed for smashing through the dome and destroying the Grand Staircase. The surrounding foyers, with their oak pillars, plaster ceilings with oak beams, and chandelier ceiling fixtures all survive in recognizable condition.[10] During filming of sinking scenes for the 1997 film Titanic, the staircase set was wrenched from its steel-reinforced foundation by the force of the flooding. Director James Cameron commented: Our staircase broke free and floated to the surface. It’s likely that this is exactly what happened during the actual sinking, which would explain why there isn’t much of the staircase left in the wreck … The matching physiques serve as a form of ‘proof of concept’ in terms of our accuracy …[11] The aft grand staircase was most likely torn apart as the Titanic broke up, being at or just aft of the point of rupture. Much of the wood and other debris found floating after the sinking is thought to have come from one of the aft staircases. Artifacts from the Titanic and Olympic’s staircases Some pieces from Olympic’s aft grand staircase are displayed at the main stairway of the White Swan Hotel, in AlnwickThere are no known photographs of the Titanic’s staircase, but many survive of the Olympic’s, which is presumed to have been similar. In 1990 a huge trove of woodwork from the Olympic was found in a barn in the North of England, much of it belonging to the Grand Staircase.[12][better source needed] These pieces retained the avocado green color they had been painted in the 1932 refit, and included large amounts of wall paneling, carved newel posts, window frames, cornice-work, and doors. Portions of the oak banisters from the aft grand staircase grace the staircase of the White Swan Hotel in Alnwick, England.[13] The chandeliers which once hung from the ceilings of the staircase occasionally come up for auction – sixteen were auctioned from the Haltwhistle Paint Factory in 2004. This auction also included the Olympic’s four landscape oil paintings from the B, C, D and E-Deck landings, along with the communicating doors from the two Boat-Deck entry vestibules.[14] The carved clock of the Olympic, believed to be identical to the one on Titanic, is displayed at the SeaCity Museum in Southampton.[15][16] This clock was used as the model for the one in Cameron’s film. Wreckage from the Titanic’s aft and forward Grand Staircases, recovered in the weeks after the sinking, can be seen at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. This includes an elaborately carved section of newel post from the aft staircase and pieces of oak handrail. There are also re-purposed items made from woodwork recovered from the Titanic, including a rolling pin and cribbage board, which very likely came from the Grand Staircase.[17] Two bronze cherubs and the base of the forward A-Deck cherub have been recovered from the debris floor over the years. Fragments of the wrought-iron dome from the aft grand staircase have also been identified in the debris field.[18] Ken Marschall attested to spotting at least 9 pieces of the wrought iron and gilt balustrades from the staircases in the debris field from the 1986 Woods Hole expedition, though no photographs have ever been taken.[19] In popular cultureOf the many films which have been made about the sinking of Titanic, almost all have depicted the Grand Staircase in one form or another. The staircase has come to symbolize the overall opulence and grandeur of the Titanic. In the 1943 film, the Grand Staircase landing is shown as a metaphor for the avarice of the British and American upper classes.Jean Negulesco’s 1953 film has a number of scenes set on the Grand Staircase, though it bears only a superficial resemblance to the real one.Roy Ward Baker’s 1958 film A Night to Remember also features scenes on the Grand Staircase, with recreations of the A and D Deck levels. The sets were based on archival photographs of the Olympic, lending them a general appearance of authenticity.In the 1979 docudrama S.O.S. Titanic actress Renee Harris, wife of producer Henry B. Harris, is shown stumbling on the steps and breaking her arm. This event took place in real life on the Titanic. However the staircase used was one from a mansion in London’s Belgrave Square; it bore no relation to the appearance of the one on Titanic.[20]Raise the Titanic (1980) features a version of the A-Deck Grand Staircase after the wreck is raised by the salvagers. Because it was filmed before the discovery of the actual wreck, it wrongly depicts the Grand Staircase as fully intact, to the point that the glass dome and bronze cherub are still in place. It also wrongly places the staircase at the end of a grand pillared gallery (there was no such feature on Titanic).The 1996 CBS miniseries Titanic features a recreation of the Grand Staircase, though it wrongly locates the A-Deck level, with its distinctive clock and cherub light fixture, opening directly onto the D-Deck dining saloon. It also eliminates the glass dome and the entire reception room.The staircase was a major focal point in James Cameron’s 1997 film as well. The forward Grand Staircase, decks A through D, were accurately built to the correct proportions, although the model that was used was 30% larger than the actual staircase. It was reinforced with a steel frame, as opposed to Titanic’s made entirely in oak. The main body of the original grand staircase possessed twelve steps including the step landing below the clock. The film’s replica had thirteen steps. Artisans from Mexico and Britain were hired to produce the opulent oak carvings and plaster-work, although some of the newel panels were plaster casts painted to look like wood, to save money and work. The ‘Honour and Glory’ clock was a major focal-point in the film – it was carved by master-sculptor Dave Coldham after the actual one from Olympic.[21]The staircases are also depicted in the video game Titanic: Adventure Out of Time. The fore grand staircase is depicted correctly for the most part, aside from some inaccuracies in the D and E deck landings, but in the aft grand staircase there is no clock present on the A-Deck landing. The oil paintings are also not shown.There are also several Titanic museums that have detailed replicas of the grand staircase. The ones featured at the Titanic museums in Branson, Missouri and Pigeon Forge, Tennessee were built using the ship’s original deck plans but each differs from the original by featuring brass hand rails below the original handrails (for guest safety). The one at Titanic Belfast was again forced to make some rather big changes to accommodate current regulations.[22]The stationary full-scale Titanic replica that is currently (2017–2021) under construction in Sichuan is expected to include a recreation of the Grand Staircase.See alsoSecond and Third-Class Facilities on the RMS TitanicReferences The Titanic Pocket Book: A Passenger’s Guide. John Blake, 2011 GG Archives. Titanic Images – White Star Line Brochure Olympic & Titanic (1911) Bruce Beveridge 2009, p. 202 Bruce Beveridge 2009, p. 236 Titanic deckplans from the Encyclopedia Titanica. Accessed 22 April 2007. Titanic’s Master of Time by Samuel Halpern Palais des Tuileries, Salon de Louis XIV photo Recueil de décorations intérieures by Percier and Fontaine (1812) What Does It Mean? by Alan St. George Lynch, Don & Marschall, Ken, Ghosts of the Abyss. 2001; 66-9. Ed Marsh & James Cameron 1997, p. 141 Il Fantasma dell’Opera. “Titanic & Olympic: all the pictures you can find on the Web. Part 4/6”. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021 – via YouTube. Olympic’s Fittings at White Swan Hotel, Alnwick, England Accessed 15 February 2008. “North Atlantic Run – RMS Olympic Haltwhistle Auction”. www.northatlanticrun.com. http://www.rmsolympic.org/grand.html “Olympic – White Star Moments”. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017. “Titanic in Nova Scotia ~ Museum Artifacts”. novascotia.ca. “Web Hosting, Reseller Hosting & Domain Names from Heart Internet”. titanic-titanic.com. Ken Marschall 2001, p. 3 “S.O.S. Titanic Filming Locations”. IMDb. Retrieved 10 May 2017. Ed W. Marsh (1997). James Cameron’s Titanic. p. 34. “Gates and Railings by BMC Engineering Northern Ireland”. BMC Engineering.BibliographyCameron, James; Marsh, Ed (1997). James Cameron’s Titanic. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-649060-3.Lynch, Don; Marschall, Ken (2003). Ghosts of the Abyss. Madison Press Books. ISBN 0-306-81223-1.Marschall, Ken (2001). James Cameron’s Titanic Expedition: What We Saw on and Inside the Wreck. marconigraph.com.vteTitanicFirst class facilitiesSecond and Third class facilitiesGrand StaircaseAnimals aboardMusiciansSinkingConspiracy theoriesChanges in safety practicesLegends and mythsLifeboatsLifeboat No. 1British inquiryUnited States inquiryWreck of the TitanicDeck officersEdward J. Smith (Captain)Henry Tingle Wilde (Chief Officer)William McMaster Murdoch (First Officer)Charles H. Lightoller (Second Officer)Herbert Pitman (Third Officer)Joseph G. Boxhall (Fourth Officer)Harold G. Lowe (Fifth Officer)James Paul Moody (Sixth Officer)Joseph Bell (Machine Room Manager)Crew membersFrederick BarrettHarold BrideWilliam Denton CoxSid DanielsFrederick FleetLuigi GattiRobert HichensViolet JessopArchie JewellCharles JoughinReginald LeeEvelyn MarsdenWilliam MintramJack PhillipsGeorge SymonsPassengersFatalitiesAllison familyThomas AndrewsJohn Jacob Astor IVDavid John BowenArchibald ButtThomas BylesRoderick ChisholmWalter Donald DouglasAnnie FunkJacques FutrelleSidney Leslie GoodwinBenjamin GuggenheimJohn HarperWallace HartleyCharles Melville HaysEdward Austin KentJoseph Philippe Lemercier LarocheFrancis Davis MilletHarry Markland MolsonClarence MooreEino Viljami PanulaW. T. SteadIda StrausIsidor StrausJohn B. ThayerFrank M. Warren Sr.George Dennick WickGeorge Dunton WidenerHarry Elkins WidenerDuane WilliamsGeorge Henry WrightSurvivors(last living)Rhoda AbbottTrevor AllisonLillian AsplundMadeleine AstorRuth BeckerLawrence BeesleyKarl BehrDickinson BishopMauritz Håkan Björnström-SteffanssonElsie BowermanFrancis BrowneMargaret “Molly” BrownHelen Churchill CandeeCharlotte Drake CardezaLucile CarterGladys CherryMillvina DeanSir Cosmo Duff-GordonLucy, Lady Duff-GordonDorothy GibsonArchibald Gracie IVFrank John William GoldsmithEdith HaismanHenry S. HarperEva HartMargaret Bechstein HaysMasabumi HosonoJ. Bruce IsmayEleanor Ileen JohnsonLouise KinkLouise LarocheMargaret MannionMichel Marcel NavratilAlfred NourneyArthur Godfrey PeuchenJane QuickWinnifred QuickEdith RosenbaumNoël Leslie, Countess of RothesEmily RyersonAgnes SandströmBeatrice SandströmFrederic Kimber SewardEloise Hughes SmithJack ThayerMarian ThayerBarbara WestElla Holmes WhiteR. Norris WilliamsMarie Grice YoungMonumentsand memorialsGeneralBandstand (Ballarat)United KingdomEngine Room Heroes (Liverpool)Engineers (Southampton)Musicians (Southampton)Titanic (Belfast)Orchestra (Liverpool)United StatesStraus Park (New York City)Titanic (New York City)Titanic (Washington, D.C.)Butt–Millet Memorial Fountain (Washington, D.C.)Popular culture(cultural legacy)BooksThe Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility (1898)A Night to Remember (book)Polar the Titanic BearFilmsSaved from the Titanic (1912)In Nacht und Eis (1912)Atlantic (1929)Titanic (1943)Titanic (1953)A Night to Remember (1958)The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964)Raise the Titanic (1980)Secrets of the Titanic (1986)Titanica (1992)Titanic (1997)The Legend of the Titanic (1999)Titanic: The Legend Goes On (2000)Ghosts of the Abyss (2003)Tentacolino (2004)Titanic II (2010)TelevisionA Night to Remember (1956)S.O.S. Titanic (1979)Titanic: The Complete Story (1994)Titanic (1996)No Greater Love (1996)”A Flight to Remember” (Futurama) (1999)Titanic (2012)Titanic: Blood and Steel (2012)Saving the Titanic (2012)Music”The Titanic (It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down)” (folk song)The Unsinkable Molly Brown (musical)The Sinking of the Titanic (music composition)Titanic (musical)Titanic (soundtrack album)Back to Titanic (soundtrack album)”My Heart Will Go On” (Celine Dion song)”Nearer, My God, to Thee” (song)Video gamesTitanic: Adventure Out of Time (1996)Dive to the Titanic (2010)Titanic VR (2018)Titanic: Honor and Glory (TBA)Museumsand exhibitionsSeaCity Museum (Southampton)Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri)Titanic Museum (Pigeon Forge, Tennessee)Maritime Museum of the Atlantic (Halifax)Titanic BelfastPlacesTitanic (Canada)Titanic CanyonTitanic Quarter, BelfastCape Race, NewfoundlandFairview Lawn CemeteryMount Olivet Cemetery (Halifax, Nova Scotia)Arrol GantryTitanic, OklahomaRelatedShipsRMS BalticRMS OlympicHMHS BritannicSS Mount TempleRMS CarpathiaSS CalifornianCS Mackay-BennettSS BirmaTitanic IIReplica TitanicRomandisea TitanicLawRMS Titanic Maritime Memorial ActAgreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS TitanicOthersWhite Star LineDavid BlairArthur RostronStanley LordTitanic Historical SocietyTitanic International SocietyEncyclopedia TitanicaHalomonas titanicaeWomen and children firstSOSCQDRobert BallardLa Circassienne au Bain RMS TitanicHistoryUnited KingdomName:RMS TitanicOwner:White Star flag NEW.svg White Star LinePort of registry:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Liverpool, UKRoute:Southampton to New York CityOrdered:17 September 1908Builder:Harland and Wolff, BelfastCost:GB£1.5 million ($144.5 million in 2018)Yard number:401Laid down:31 March 1909Launched:31 May 1911Completed:2 April 1912Maiden voyage:10 April 1912; 107 years agoIn service:10–15 April 1912Identification:Official Number 131428[1]Code Letters HVMP[2]ICS Hotel.svgICS Victor.svgICS Mike.svgICS Papa.svgRadio call sign “MGY”Fate:Hit an iceberg 11:40 p.m. (ship’s time) 14 April 1912 on her maiden voyage and sank 2 h 40 min later on 15 April 1912; 107 years ago.Status:WreckGeneral characteristicsClass and type:Olympic-class ocean linerTonnage:46,328 GRTDisplacement:52,310 tonsLength:882 ft 9 in (269.1 m)Beam:92 ft 6 in (28.2 m)Height:175 ft (53.3 m) (keel to top of funnels)Draught:34 ft 7 in (10.5 m)Depth:64 ft 6 in (19.7 m)Decks:9 (A–G)Installed power:24 double-ended and five single-ended boilers feeding two reciprocating steam engines for the wing propellers, and a low-pressure turbine for the centre propeller;[3] output: 46,000 HPPropulsion:Two three-blade wing propellers and one four-blade centre propellerSpeed:Cruising: 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph). Max: 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph)Capacity:Passengers: 2,435, crew: 892. Total: 3,327 (or 3,547 according to other sources)Notes:Lifeboats: 20 (sufficient for 1,178 people)RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of modern history’s deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster.[4] Titanic was under the command of Capt. Edward Smith, who also went down with the ship. The ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the world, as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland, Scandinavia and elsewhere throughout Europe who were seeking a new life in the United States. The first-class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. A high-powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger “marconigrams” and for the ship’s operational use.[5] Although Titanic had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors, it only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people—about half the number on board, and one third of her total capacity—due to outdated maritime safety regulations. The ship carried 16 lifeboat davits which could lower three lifeboats each, for a total of 48 boats. However, Titanic carried only a total of 20 lifeboats, four of which were collapsible and proved hard to launch during the sinking.[6] After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland before heading west to New York.[7] On 14 April, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles (600 km) south of Newfoundland, she hit an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. ship’s time. The collision caused the hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard (right) side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea; she could only survive four flooding. Meanwhile, passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partially loaded. A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a “women and children first” protocol for loading lifeboats.[8] At 2:20 a.m., she broke apart and foundered with well over one thousand people still aboard. Just under two hours after Titanic sank, the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived and brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors. The disaster was met with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that led to it. Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to major improvements in maritime safety. One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), which still governs maritime safety. Additionally, several new wireless regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications—which could have saved many more passengers.[9] The wreck of Titanic was discovered in 1985 (more than 70 years after the disaster) during a US military mission,[10] and it remains on the seabed. The ship was split in two and is gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet (3,784 m). Thousands of artefacts have been recovered and displayed at museums around the world. Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history; her memory is kept alive by numerous works of popular culture, including books, folk songs, films, exhibits, and memorials. Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world, only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic, the largest ever sunk, although she holds the record as the largest sunk while actually in service as a liner due to Britannic being used as a hospital ship at the time of her sinking. The final survivor of the sinking, Millvina Dean, aged two months at the time, died in 2009 at the age of 97. BackgroundFile:Titanic Disaster – Genuine Footage (1911-1912).webmTitanic Disaster – Genuine Footage (1911–1912)The name Titanic derives from the Titan of Greek mythology. Built in Belfast, Ireland, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (as it was then known), the RMS Titanic was the second of the three Olympic-class ocean liners—the first was the RMS Olympic and the third was the HMHS Britannic.[11] Britannic was originally to be called Gigantic and was to be over 1,000 feet long.[12] They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Line’s fleet, which comprised 29 steamers and tenders in 1912.[13] The three ships had their genesis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star Line’s chairman, J. Bruce Ismay, and the American financier J. P. Morgan, who controlled the White Star Line’s parent corporation, the International Mercantile Marine Co. (IMM). The White Star Line faced an increasing challenge from its main rivals Cunard, which had recently launched the Lusitania and the Mauretania—the fastest passenger ships then in service—and the German lines Hamburg America and Norddeutscher Lloyd. Ismay preferred to compete on size rather than speed and proposed to commission a new class of liners that would be larger than anything that had gone before as well as being the last word in comfort and luxury.[14] The company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their oldest pair of passenger ships still in service, being the SS Teutonic of 1889 and SS Majestic of 1890. Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic. Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Star Line’s New York service after Titanic’s loss.[15] The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff, who had a long-established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867.[16] Harland and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in designing ships for the White Star Line; the usual approach was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the former would take away and turn into a ship design. Cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships, plus a five percent profit margin.[16] In the case of the Olympic-class ships, a cost of £3 million (£250 million in 2015 money) for the first two ships was agreed plus “extras to contract” and the usual five percent fee.[17] Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work designing the Olympic-class vessels. The design was overseen by Lord Pirrie, a director of both Harland and Wolff and the White Star Line; naval architect Thomas Andrews, the managing director of Harland and Wolff’s design department; Edward Wilding, Andrews’ deputy and responsible for calculating the ship’s design, stability and trim; and Alexander Carlisle, the shipyard’s chief draughtsman and general manager.[18] Carlisle’s responsibilities included the decorations, equipment and all general arrangements, including the implementation of an efficient lifeboat davit design.[a] On 29 July 1908, Harland and Wolff presented the drawings to J. Bruce Ismay and other White Star Line executives. Ismay approved the design and signed three “letters of agreement” two days later, authorising the start of construction.[21] At this point the first ship—which was later to become Olympic—had no name, but was referred to simply as “Number 400”, as it was Harland and Wolff’s four hundredth hull. Titanic was based on a revised version of the same design and was given the number 401.[22] Dimensions and layout Titanic in 1912Titanic was 882 feet 9 inches (269.06 m) long with a maximum breadth of 92 feet 6 inches (28.19 m). Her total height, measured from the base of the keel to the top of the bridge, was 104 feet (32 m).[23] She measured 46,328 gross register tons and with a draught of 34 feet 7 inches (10.54 m), she displaced 52,310 tons.[24] All three of the Olympic-class ships had ten decks (excluding the top of the officers’ quarters), eight of which were for passenger use. From top to bottom, the decks were: The Boat Deck, on which the lifeboats were housed. It was from here during the early hours of 15 April 1912 that Titanic’s lifeboats were lowered into the North Atlantic. The bridge and wheelhouse were at the forward end, in front of the captain’s and officers’ quarters. The bridge stood 8 feet (2.4 m) above the deck, extending out to either side so that the ship could be controlled while docking. The wheelhouse stood directly behind and above the bridge. The entrance to the First Class Grand Staircase and gymnasium were located midships along with the raised roof of the First Class lounge, while at the rear of the deck were the roof of the First Class smoke room and the relatively modest Second Class entrance. The wood-covered deck was divided into four segregated promenades: for officers, First Class passengers, engineers, and Second Class passengers respectively. Lifeboats lined the side of the deck except in the First Class area, where there was a gap so that the view would not be spoiled.[25][26]A Deck, also called the Promenade Deck, extended along the entire 546 feet (166 m) length of the superstructure. It was reserved exclusively for First Class passengers and contained First Class cabins, the First Class lounge, smoke room, reading and writing rooms and Palm Court.[25]B Deck, the Bridge Deck, was the top weight-bearing deck and the uppermost level of the hull. More First Class passenger accommodations were located here with six palatial staterooms (cabins) featuring their own private promenades. On Titanic, the À La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien provided luxury dining facilities to First Class passengers. Both were run by subcontracted chefs and their staff; all were lost in the disaster. The Second Class smoking room and entrance hall were both located on this deck. The raised forecastle of the ship was forward of the Bridge Deck, accommodating Number 1 hatch (the main hatch through to the cargo holds), numerous pieces of machinery and the anchor housings.[b] Aft of the Bridge Deck was the raised Poop Deck, 106 feet (32 m) long, used as a promenade by Third Class passengers. It was where many of Titanic’s passengers and crew made their last stand as the ship sank. The forecastle and Poop Deck were separated from the Bridge Deck by well decks.[27][28]C Deck, the Shelter Deck, was the highest deck to run uninterrupted from stem to stern. It included both well decks; the aft one served as part of the Third Class promenade. Crew cabins were housed below the forecastle and Third Class public rooms were housed below the Poop Deck. In between were the majority of First Class cabins and the Second Class library.[27][29]D Deck, the Saloon Deck, was dominated by three large public rooms—the First Class Reception Room, the First Class Dining Saloon and the Second Class Dining Saloon. An open space was provided for Third Class passengers. First, Second and Third Class passengers had cabins on this deck, with berths for firemen located in the bow. It was the highest level reached by the ship’s watertight bulkheads (though only by eight of the fifteen bulkheads).[27][30]E Deck, the Upper Deck, was predominantly used for passenger accommodation for all three classes plus berths for cooks, seamen, stewards and trimmers. Along its length ran a long passageway nicknamed Scotland Road, in reference to a famous street in Liverpool. Scotland Road was used by Third Class passengers and crew members.[27][31]F Deck, the Middle Deck, was the last complete deck and mainly accommodated Second and Third Class passengers and several departments of the crew. The Third Class dining saloon was located here, as were the swimming pool, Turkish bath and kennels.[27][31][32]G Deck, the Lower Deck, was the lowest complete deck that carried passengers, and had the lowest portholes, just above the waterline. The squash court was located here along with the traveling post office where letters and parcels were sorted ready for delivery when the ship docked. Food was also stored here. The deck was interrupted at several points by orlop (partial) decks over the boiler, engine and turbine rooms.[27][33]The Orlop Decks and the Tank Top below that were on the lowest level of the ship, below the waterline. The orlop decks were used as cargo spaces, while the Tank Top—the inner bottom of the ship’s hull—provided the platform on which the ship’s boilers, engines, turbines and electrical generators were housed. This area of the ship was occupied by the engine and boiler rooms, areas which passengers would have been prohibited from seeing. They were connected with higher levels of the ship by flights of stairs; twin spiral stairways near the bow provided access up to D Deck.[27][33]FeaturesPower RMS Olympic’s rudder with central and port wing propellers;[c] for scale note the man at the bottom of the photo[35]Titanic was equipped with three main engines—two reciprocating four-cylinder, triple-expansion steam engines and one centrally placed low-pressure Parsons turbine—each driving a propeller. The two reciprocating engines had a combined output of 30,000 hp. The output of the steam turbine was 16,000 hp.[23] The White Star Line had used the same combination of engines on an earlier liner, the SS Laurentic, where it had been a great success.[36] It provided a good combination of performance and speed; reciprocating engines by themselves were not powerful enough to propel an Olympic-class liner at the desired speeds, while turbines were sufficiently powerful but caused uncomfortable vibrations, a problem that affected the all-turbine Cunard liners Lusitania and Mauretania.[37] By combining reciprocating engines with a turbine, fuel usage could be reduced and motive power increased, while using the same amount of steam.[38] The two reciprocating engines were each 63 feet (19 m) long and weighed 720 tons, with their bedplates contributing a further 195 tons.[37] They were powered by steam produced in 29 boilers, 24 of which were double-ended and five single-ended, which contained a total of 159 furnaces.[39] The boilers were 15 feet 9 inches (4.80 m) in diameter and 20 feet (6.1 m) long, each weighing 91.5 tons and capable of holding 48.5 tons of water.[40] They were heated by burning coal, 6,611 tons of which could be carried in Titanic’s bunkers, with a further 1,092 tons in Hold 3. The furnaces required over 600 tons of coal a day to be shovelled into them by hand, requiring the services of 176 firemen working around the clock.[41] 100 tons of ash a day had to be disposed of by ejecting it into the sea.[42] The work was relentless, dirty and dangerous, and although firemen were paid relatively generously[41], there was a high suicide rate among those who worked in that capacity.[43] Exhaust steam leaving the reciprocating engines was fed into the turbine, which was situated aft. From there it passed into a surface condenser, to increase the efficiency of the turbine and so that the steam could be condensed back into water and reused.[44] The engines were attached directly to long shafts which drove the propellers. There were three, one for each engine; the outer (or wing) propellers were the largest, each carrying three blades of manganese-bronze alloy with a total diameter of 23.5 feet (7.2 m).[40] The middle propeller was slightly smaller at 17 feet (5.2 m) in diameter,[45] and could be stopped but not reversed. Titanic’s electrical plant was capable of producing more power than an average city power station of the time.[46] Immediately aft of the turbine engine were four 400 kW steam-driven electric generators, used to provide electrical power to the ship, plus two 30 kW auxiliary generators for emergency use.[47] Their location in the stern of the ship meant they remained operational until the last few minutes before the ship sank.[48] Titanic lacked a searchlight in accordance with the ban on the use of searchlights in the merchant navy.[49][50] TechnologyWatertight compartments and funnelsThe interiors of the Olympic-class ships were subdivided into 16 primary compartments divided by 15 bulkheads which extended well above the waterline. Eleven vertically closing watertight doors could seal off the compartments in the event of an emergency.[51] The ship’s exposed decking was made of pine and teak, while interior ceilings were covered in painted granulated cork to combat condensation.[52] Standing above the decks were four funnels, each painted buff with black tops, (though only three were functional—the last one was a dummy, installed for aesthetic purposes and also for kitchen ventilation)—and two masts, each 155 feet (47 m) high, which supported derricks for working cargo. Rudder and steering enginesTitanic’s rudder was so large—at 78 feet 8 inches (23.98 m) high and 15 feet 3 inches (4.65 m) long, weighing over 100 tons—that it required steering engines to move it. Two steam-powered steering engines were installed, though only one was used at any one time, with the other one kept in reserve. They were connected to the short tiller through stiff springs, to isolate the steering engines from any shocks in heavy seas or during fast changes of direction.[53] As a last resort, the tiller could be moved by ropes connected to two steam capstans.[54] The capstans were also used to raise and lower the ship’s five anchors (one port, one starboard, one in the centreline and two kedging anchors).[54] Water, ventilation and heatingThe ship was equipped with her own waterworks, capable of heating and pumping water to all parts of the vessel via a complex network of pipes and valves. The main water supply was taken aboard while Titanic was in port, but in an emergency the ship could also distil fresh water from seawater, though this was not a straightforward process as the distillation plant quickly became clogged by salt deposits. A network of insulated ducts conveyed warm air, driven by electric fans, around the ship, and First Class cabins were fitted with additional electric heaters.[46] Radio communications Marconi company receiving equipment for a 5 kilowatt ocean liner station.Titanic’s radiotelegraph equipment (then known as wireless telegraphy) was leased to the White Star Line by the Marconi International Marine Communication Company, which also supplied two of its employees, Jack Phillips and Harold Bride, as operators. The service maintained a 24-hour schedule, primarily sending and receiving passenger telegrams, but also handling navigation messages including weather reports and ice warnings.[55][56][57] The radio room was located on the Boat Deck, in the officers’ quarters. A soundproofed “Silent Room”, next to the operating room, housed loud equipment, including the transmitter and a motor-generator used for producing alternating currents. The operators’ living quarters were adjacent to the working office. The ship was equipped with a ‘state of the art’ 5 kilowatt rotary spark-gap transmitter, operating under the radio callsign MGY, and communication was conducted in Morse code. This transmitter was one of the first Marconi installations to use a rotary spark-gap, which gave Titanic a distinctive musical tone that could be readily distinguished from other signals. The transmitter was one of the most powerful in the world, and guaranteed to broadcast over a radius of 350 miles (563 km). An elevated T-antenna that spanned the length of the ship was used for transmitting and receiving. The normal operating frequency was 500 kHz (600 m wavelength); however, the equipment could also operate on the “short” wavelength of 1,000 kHz (300 m wavelength) that was employed by smaller vessels with shorter antennas.[58] Passenger facilitiesFurther information: First class facilities of the RMS Titanic and Second and Third-class facilities on the RMS Titanic This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: “RMS Titanic” – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The gymnasium on the Boat Deck, which was equipped with the latest exercise machines The famous Grand Staircase, which connected Boat Deck and E Deck Swimming Pool on Olympic, Titanic’s near identical sister shipThe passenger facilities aboard Titanic aimed to meet the highest standards of luxury. According to Titanic’s general arrangement plans, the ship could accommodate 833 First Class Passengers, 614 in Second Class and 1,006 in Third Class, for a total passenger capacity of 2,453. In addition, her capacity for crew members exceeded 900, as most documents of her original configuration have stated that her full carrying capacity for both passengers and crew was approximately 3,547. Her interior design was a departure from that of other passenger liners, which had typically been decorated in the rather heavy style of a manor house or an English country house.[59] Titanic was laid out in a much lighter style similar to that of contemporary high-class hotels—the Ritz Hotel was a reference point—with First Class cabins finished in the Empire style.[59] A variety of other decorative styles, ranging from the Renaissance to Louis XV, were used to decorate cabins and public rooms in First and Second Class areas of the ship. The aim was to convey an impression that the passengers were in a floating hotel rather than a ship; as one passenger recalled, on entering the ship’s interior a passenger would “at once lose the feeling that we are on board ship, and seem instead to be entering the hall of some great house on shore”.[60] Among the more novel features available to first-class passengers was a 7 ft. deep saltwater swimming pool, a gymnasium, a squash court, and a Turkish bath which comprised electric bath, steam room, cool room, massage room, and hot room.[60] First-class common rooms were impressive in scope and lavishly decorated. They included a Lounge in the style of the Palace of Versailles, an enormous Reception Room, a men’s Smoking Room, and a Reading and Writing Room. There was an À la Carte Restaurant in the style of the Ritz Hotel which was run as a concession by the famous Italian restaurateur Gaspare Gatti.[61] A Café Parisien decorated in the style of a French sidewalk café, complete with ivy covered trellises and wicker furniture, was run as an annex to the restaurant. For an extra cost, first-class passengers could enjoy the finest French haute cuisine in the most luxurious of surroundings.[62] There was also a Verandah Café where tea and light refreshments were served, that offered grand views of the ocean. At 114 ft. long X 92 ft. wide, the Dining Saloon on D Deck was the largest room afloat and could seat almost 600 passengers at a time.[63] Third Class (commonly referred to as Steerage) accommodations aboard Titanic were not as luxurious as First or Second Class, but even so were better than on many other ships of the time. They reflected the improved standards which the White Star Line had adopted for trans-Atlantic immigrant and lower-class travel. On most other North Atlantic passenger ships at the time, Third Class accommodations consisted of little more than open dormitories in the forward end of the vessels, in which hundreds of people were confined, often without adequate food or toilet facilities. The White Star Line had long since broken that mould. As seen aboard Titanic, all White Star Line passenger ships divided their Third Class accommodations into two sections, always at opposite ends of the vessel from one another. The established arrangement was that single men were quartered in the forward areas, while single women, married couples and families were quartered aft. In addition, while other ships provided only open berth sleeping arrangements, White Star Line vessels provided their Third Class passengers with private, small but comfortable cabins capable of accommodating two, four, six, eight and 10 passengers.[64] Third Class accommodations also included their own dining rooms, as well as public gathering areas including adequate open deck space, which aboard Titanic comprised the Poop Deck at the stern, the forward and aft well decks, and a large open space on D Deck which could be used as a social hall. This was supplemented by the addition of a smoking room for men and a General Room on C Deck which women could use for reading and writing. Although they were not as glamorous in design as spaces seen in upper class accommodations, they were still far above average for the period. Leisure facilities were provided for all three classes to pass the time. As well as making use of the indoor amenities such as the library, smoking rooms, and gymnasium, it was also customary for passengers to socialise on the open deck, promenading or relaxing in hired deck chairs or wooden benches. A passenger list was published before the sailing to inform the public which members of the great and good were on board, and it was not uncommon for ambitious mothers to use the list to identify rich bachelors to whom they could introduce their marriageable daughters during the voyage.[65] One of Titanic’s most distinctive features was her First Class staircase, known as the Grand Staircase or Grand Stairway. Built of solid English oak with a sweeping curve, the staircase descended through seven decks of the ship, between the Boat Deck to E deck, before terminating in a simplified single flight on F Deck.[66] It was capped with a dome of wrought iron and glass that admitted natural light to the stairwell. Each landing off the staircase gave access to ornate entrance halls paneled in the William & Mary style and lit by ormolu and crystal light fixtures.[67] At the uppermost landing was a large carved wooden panel containing a clock, with figures of “Honour and Glory Crowning Time” flanking the clock face.[66] The Grand Staircase was destroyed during the sinking and is now just a void in the ship which modern explorers have used to access the lower decks.[68] During the filming of James Cameron’s Titanic in 1997, his replica of the Grand Staircase was ripped from its foundations by the force of the inrushing water on the set. It has been suggested that during the real event, the entire Grand Staircase was ejected upwards through the dome.[69] Mail and cargo La Circassienne au Bain; the most highly valued item of cargo lost on the Titanic.[d]Although Titanic was primarily a passenger liner, she also carried a substantial amount of cargo. Her designation as a Royal Mail Ship (RMS) indicated that she carried mail under contract with the Royal Mail (and also for the United States Post Office Department). For the storage of letters, parcels and specie (bullion, coins and other valuables), 26,800 cubic f

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